1.前言当我们接手一台或几台服务器时，我们需要了解的基本知识在以后的软件部署、系统运维中都会有达到事半功倍的效果。2、关于服务器的基本配置查询服务器的基本配置，一般查询操作系统、CPU、内存、硬盘，下面一一说明。2.1查看操作系统的基本配置查看操作系统的版本#cat/etc/redhat-release这条命令主要是查看RedHat发行的操作系统的版本号[root@node5~]#cat/etc/redhat-releaseCentOSLinuxrelease7.4.1708(Core)#cat/etc/issue此命令适用于大部分linux发行版[root@node5~]#cat/etc/issue\SKernel\ronan\m查看操作系统内核版本[root@node5~]#uname-r3。10.0-693.el7.x86_64查看操作系统详细信息[root@node5~]#uname-aLinuxnode53.10.0-693.el7.x86_64#1SMPTueAug2221:09:27UTC2017x86_64x86_64x86_64GNU/Linux#从上面的输出可以看出服务器的主机名为node5，linux内核版本为3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64，CPU为x86架构#此命令可查看更多信息[root@node5~]#more/etc/*release:::::::::::::::/etc/centos-release::::::::::::::CentOSLinuxrelease7.4.1708(Core)::::::::::::::::/etc/os-release::::::::::::::::NAME="CentOSLinux"VERSION="7(Core)"ID="centos"ID_LIKE="rhelfedora"VERSION_ID="7"PRETTY_NAME="CentOSLinux7(Core)"ANSI_COLOR="0;31"CPE_NAME="cpe://o:centos:centos:7"HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"::::::::::::::/etc/redhat-release::::::::::::::::CentOSLinuxrelease7.4.1708(核心)::::::::::::::/etc/system-release::::::::::CentOSLinuxrelease7.4.1708(核心)2.2CPU基本配置查询名词解释名词含义CPU物理编号主板上实际插入的cpu数量CPU核心数单个CPU上可以处理数据的芯片组数量，如双核、四核-core等(cpucores)逻辑CPU线程数/线程数一般情况下，逻辑cpu=物理CPU数×每核核心数，如果不相等，说明服务器的CPU支持超线程技术查看CPU物理数量[root@node5~]#grep'physicalid'/proc/cpuinfo|sort-u|wc-l1查看CPU核数[root@node5~]#grep'coreid'/proc/cpuinfo|sort-u|wc-l4查看CPU线程数#Logicalcpunumber:General下一般情况下，逻辑cpu=物理CPU个数×核心数，如果不相等，说明服务器的CPU支持超线程技术（HT：简单来说就是可以让处理器中的一个核心这样作为操作系统中的功能，如内核这样一来，操作系统可用的执行资源成倍增加，大大提高了系统的整体性能。此时逻辑#logiccpu=物理CPU数×每核核数x2)[root@node5~]#cat/proc/cpuinfo|grep"processor"|wc-l4[root@node5~]#grep'processor'/proc/cpuinfo|sort-u|wc-l4查看CPU型号[root@node5~]#cat/proc/cpuinfo|grepname|sort|uniqmodelname:Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-8550UCPU@1.80GHz[root@node5~]#dmidecode-sprocessor-version|uniq#使用uniq去重Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-8550UCPU@1.80GHzCheckCPUdetails#CPU有几个核心，会重复输出几个信息[root@node5~]#cat/proc/cpuinfoprocessor:0vendor_id:GenuineIntelcpufamily:6model:142modelname:Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-8550UCPU@1.80GHzstepping:10microcode:0x96cpuMHz:2000.921cachesize:8192KBphysicalid:0siblings:4coreid:0cpucores:4apicid:0initialapicid:0fpu:yesfpu_exception:yescpuidlevel:22wp:yesflags:fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicsepmtrrpgemcacmovpatpse36clflushmmxfxsrssesse2sshtsyscallnxpdpe1gbrdtscplmconstant_tscarch_perfmonnoplxtopologytsc_reliablenonstop_tsceagerfpupnipclmulqdqvmxssse3fmacx16pcidsse4_1sse4_2x2apicmovbepopcnttsc_deadline_timeraesxsaveavxf16crdrandhypervisorlahf_lmabm3dnowprefetchtpr_shadowvnmieptvpidfsgsbasetsc_adjustbmi1avx2smepbmi2invpcidmpxrdseedadxsmapclflushoptxsaveoptxsavecaratbogomips:4002.00clflushsize:64cache_alignment:64addresssizes:43bitsphysical,48bitsvirtualpowermanagement:查看CPU的详细信息[root@node5~]#lscpuArchitecture:x86_64CPUop-mode(s):32-bit,64-bitByteOrder:LittleEndianCPU(s):4On-lineCPU(s)list:0-3Thread(s)percore:1Core(s)persocket:4Socket(s):1NUMAnode(s):1VendorID:GenuineIntelCPUfamily:6Model:142Modelname:Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-8550UCPU@1.80GHzStepping:10CPUMHz:2000.921BogoMIPS:4002.00Virtualization:VT-xHypervisorvendor:VMwareVirtualizationtype:fullL1dcache:32KL1icache:32KL2cache:256KL3cache:8192KNUMAnode0CPU(s):0-3Flags:fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicsepmtrrpgemcacmovpatpse36clflushmmxfxsrssesse2sshtsyscallnxpdpe1gbrdtscplmconstant_tscarch_perfmonnoplxtopologytsc_reliablenonstop_tsceagerfpupnipclmulqdqvmxssse3fmacx16pcidsse4_1sse4_2x2apicmovbepopcnttsc_deadline_timeraesxsaveavxf16crdrandhypervisorlahf_lmabm3dnowprefetchtpr_shadowvnmieptvpidfsgsbasetsc_adjustbmi1avx2smepbmi2invpcidmpxrdseedadxsmapclflushoptxsaveoptxsavecaratCPU配置总结通过以上的查询，我们可以知道该服务器是1路4核的CPU，CPU型号是Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-8550UCPU@1.80GHz，该CPU没有超线程2.3内存基本配置查询NounExplanationNounMeaningMemmemoryusageoverviewtableSwapvirtualmemory.Thatis,thedatacanbestoredontheharddisk.Whenthephysicalmemoryisinsufficient,partoftheharddiskspaceisusedasaSWAPpartition(virtualizedintomemory),soastosolvethesituationofinsufficientmemorycapacity.SWAPmeansswap.Asthenamesuggests,whenaprocessrequestsmemoryfromtheOSandfindsthatitisinsufficient,theOSwillswapouttemporarilyunuseddatainthememoryandputitintheSWAPpartition.ThisprocessiscalledSWAPOUT.WhenaprocessneedsthesedataagainandtheOSfindsthatthereisstillfreephysicalmemory,itwillexchangethedataintheSWAPpartitionbacktothephysicalmemory.ThisprocessiscalledSWAPIN.Ofcourse,thereisanupperlimittothesizeoftheswap.Oncetheswapisusedup,theoperatingsystemwilltriggertheOOM-Killermechanismtokilltheprocessthatconsumesthemostmemorytofreeupmemory.sharedsharedmemory，即与普通用户共享的物理内存值，主要用于进程间通信buffers用于存储要输出到磁盘（块设备）的数据cached存储从磁盘读取的数据totaltotalphysicalmemory，total=used+freeusedusedmemoryfreefreefreememory查询服务器内存[root@node5~]#free-mtotalusedfreesharedbuff/cacheavailableMem:39412863446192083407Swap:204702047#评论#linux内存管理机制的思想包括（不敢说）最大化内存利用。内核会将剩余的内存申请为cached，cached不属于free的范畴。当系统运行时间长了，你会发现缓存非常大。对于文件读写操作频繁的系统，这种现象会更加明显。直观上，此时freememory会很小，但不代表可用内存小。当程序需要申请大内存时，如果空闲内存不够用，内核会回收部分缓存内存，回收的内存重新分配给应用程序。所以#对于linux系统来说，可用于分配的内存不仅是空闲内存，还有缓存内存（其实也包括缓冲区）。#对于操作系统：#MemFree=total-used#MemUsed=MemTotal-MemFree#对于应用程序：#MemFree=buffers+cached+free每3秒查询一次内存[root@node5~]#free-s3totalusedfreesharedbuff/cacheavailableMem:40363163611443458272195362169003419776Swap:209714802097148totalusedfreesharedbuff/cacheavailableMem:40363163611443458272195362169003419776Swap:209714802097148totalusedfreesharedbuff/cacheavailableMem:40363163611443458272195362169003419776Swap:2097148020971482.4硬盘基本配置查询查询磁盘整体使用情况[root@node5~]#df-hFilesystemSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedon/dev/mapper/centos-root17G4.1G13G24%/devtmpfs2.0G02.0G0%/devtmpfs2.0G8.0K2.0G1%/dev/shmtmpfs2.0G8.7M2.0G1%/runtmpfs2.0G02.0G0%/sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda11014M125M890M13%/boottmpfs395M039user5M0#/运行/命令扩展#df-a显示所有文件系统的使用情况#df-i显示inode信息#df-k显示块占用的字节数#df-T显示文件系统类型查询某个目录磁盘占用情况#命令扩展#du-s指定目录大小汇总#du-h带有计量单位#du-a包含文件#du--max-depth=1子目录深度#du-c在列出详细信息的同时，添加一个汇总值[root@node5~]#du-sh/home/1.7G/home/[root@node5~]#du-ach--max-depth=2/home/4.0K/home/www/.bash_logout4.0K/home/wwww/.bash_profile4.0K/home/www/.bashrc4.0K/home/www/web16K/home/www4.0K/home/nginx/.bash_logout4.0K/home/nginx/.bash_profile4.0K/home/nginx/.bashrc12K/home/nginx4.0K/home/esnode/.bash_logout4.0K/home/esnode/.bash_profile4.0K/home/esnode/.bashrc4.0K/home/esnode/.oracle_jre_usage4.3M/home/esnode/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.2.2.zip80M/home/esnode/kibana-6.2.2-linux-x86_64.tar.gz300M/home/esnode/x-pack-6.2.2.zip28M/home/esnode/elasticsearch-6.2.2.tar.gz4.0K/home/esnode/.bash_history294M/home/esnode/elasticsearch-6.2.24.0K/home/esnode/.ssh4.0K/home/esnode/x-pack生成的秘钥.txt1014M/home/esnode/kibana-6.2.2-linux-x86_648.0K/home/esnode/.viminfo1.7G/home/esnode1.7G/home/1.7Gtotal查看目录结构#tree命令默认没有安装，需要安装手动[root@node5~]#yum-yinstalltree#-L指定目录深度[root@node5~]#tree-L2/home//home/├──esnode│├──elasticsearch-6.2.2│├──elasticsearch-6.2.2.tar.gz│├──elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.2.2.zip│├──kibana-6.2.2-linux-x86_64│├──kibana-6.2.2-linux-x86_64.tar.gz│├──x-pack-6.2.2.zip│└──x-pack\347\224\237\346\210\220\347\232\204\347\247\230\351\222\245.txt├──nginx└──www└──web6目录,5files以树形格式显示所有可用的块设备信息[root@node5~]#lsblkNAMEMAJ:MINRMSIZEROTYPEMOUNTPOINTsda8:0020G0disk├─sda18:101G0part/boot└─sda28:2019G0part├─centos-root253:0017G0lvm/└─centos-swap253:102G0lvm[SWAP]sdb8:1601G0disk└─sdb18:170200M0partsr011:011024M0rom#Comment#NAME——设备的名称#MAJ:MIN——Linux操作系统中的每一个设备用一个文件表示，对于块（磁盘）中设备方面，主要和次要设备编号用于描述设备#RM——可移动设备。如果这是可移动设备则显示1，否则显示0。#TYPE——设备的类型#MOUNTPOINT——设备挂载的位置#RO——对于只读文件系统，这里会显示1，否则显示0。#SIZE——设备的大小列出了所有可用的设备、通用唯一标识符（UUID）、文件系统类型和卷标[root@node5~]#blkid/dev/sda1:UUID="6503b4ad-2975-4152-a824-feb7bea1b622"TYPE="xfs"/dev/sda2:UUID="nqZ4uJ-ksnN-KzYS-N42b-00m3-Ohc2-BJXunP"TYPE="LVM2_member"/dev/sdb1:UUID="94396e17-4821-4957-aa76-d41f33958ff5"TYPE="xfs"/dev/mapper/centos-root:UUID="c1d38b37-821d-48e7-8727-3937ccc657a4"TYPE="xfs"/dev/mapper/centos-swap:UUID="c2fcaf11-42d8-4e4c-bf9e-6464f0777198"TYPE="swap"【编辑推荐】苹果设计软件基础：Mac版Photoshop入门视频教程Linux运维入门及进阶新经典视频教程-老男孩Linux（一）Linux进阶驱动Anin-深入讲解Microsoft365的TeamsIBMLinuxONE本地商业银行稳敏双态架构的同步互斥及核心云化改造实践
