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Linux操作系统学习

时间:2023-03-28 19:06:31 HTML

Linux涓€鍒囩殕鏂囦欢锛屾嫢鏈夋渶楂樻潈闄愮殑璐︽埛root銆?.寮€鏈虹櫥褰曘€傚紑鏈轰細鍚姩寰堝杩涚▼銆傚湪Windows涓婄О涓衡€滄湇鍔♀€濓紙service锛夛紝鍦↙inux涓婄О涓衡€滃畧鎶よ繘绋嬧€濓紙daemon锛夈€傜櫥褰曟柟寮忥細鍛戒护琛岀櫥褰晄sh鐧诲綍鍥惧舰鐣岄潰鐧诲綍鎴栬€呭叧闂郴缁燂紝鍏堣繍琛宻ync鍛戒护灏嗗唴瀛樹腑鐨勬暟鎹悓姝ュ埌纭洏涓€俿ync#灏嗘暟鎹粠鍐呭瓨鍚屾鍒扮‖鐩榮hutdownshutdown-h10#10鍒嗛挓鍚庡叧鏈簊hutdown-h+10#10鍒嗛挓鍚庡叧鏈簊hutdown-hnow#绔嬪嵆鍏虫満shutdown-h20:25#绯荤粺灏嗕粖澶?0:25鍏抽棴shutdownshutdown-rnow#绔嬪嵆閲嶅惎shutdown-r+10#10鍒嗛挓鍚庨噸鍚痳eboot#閲嶅惎锛岀浉褰撲簬shutdown-rnowhalt#鍏虫満锛岀浉褰撲簬shutdown-hnow3锛屾牴鐩綍缁撴瀯/bin#Binary鐨勭缉鍐欙紝鐜板瓨鏈€甯哥敤鐨勫懡浠?boot#瀛樻斁涓€浜涘惎鍔↙inux鏃惰鐢ㄥ埌鐨勬牳蹇冩枃浠讹紝鍖呮嫭閾炬帴鏂囦欢鍜岄暅鍍忔枃浠?dev#Device鐨勭缉鍐欙紝瀛樻斁Linux澶栭儴璁惧/etc#瀛樻斁鍚姩Linux鎵€闇€鐨勯厤缃枃浠跺拰瀛愮洰褰晄ystemmanagement/home#鐢ㄦ埛鐨勪富鐩綍锛屽湪linux涓紝姣忎釜鐢ㄦ埛閮芥湁鑷繁鐨勭洰褰曪紝涓€鑸洰褰曚互鐢ㄦ埛鐨勮处鍙峰懡鍚?lib#瀛樻斁绯荤粺鏈€鍩烘湰鐨勫姩鎬侀摼鎺ュ叡浜簱锛屼綔鐢ㄧ被浼煎埌Windows涓殑DLLFile/lost+found#杩欎釜鐩綍涓€鑸槸绌虹殑锛屽綋鐢ㄦ埛闈炴甯稿叧鏈烘椂锛屼竴浜涙枃浠朵細瀛樻斁鍦ㄨ繖閲?media#Linux绯荤粺璇嗗埆鐨勮澶囷紝濡俇鐩橈紝CD-ROM锛孡inux鎸傝浇璇嗗埆鍒扮殑璁惧鍒拌繖涓洰褰曚笅/mnt#鍏佽鐢ㄦ埛涓存椂鎸傝浇鍏朵粬鏂囦欢绯荤粺/opt#缁欎富鏈洪檮鍔犲畨瑁呰蒋浠跺瓨鏀剧殑鐩綍锛屾瘮濡傚畨瑁匫racle鏁版嵁搴撳彲浠ユ斁鍦ㄨ繖涓洰褰曚笅/proc#Virtual鐩綍锛岀郴缁熷唴瀛樻槧灏勶紝璁块棶杩欎釜鐩綍灏卞彲浠ュ緱鍒扮郴缁熶俊鎭?root#杩欎釜鐩綍鏄郴缁熺鐞嗗憳锛屼篃灏辨槸瓒呯骇鏉冮檺鐢ㄦ埛鐨勫鐩綍/sbin#s琛ㄧずSuperUser锛屼娇鐢ㄧ殑绯荤粺绠$悊绋嬪簭绯荤粺绠$悊鍛樺瓨鏀惧湪杩欓噷/srv#瀛樻斁涓€浜涙湇鍔″惎鍔ㄥ悗闇€瑕佹彁鍙栫殑鏁版嵁/sys#Linux2.6鍐呮牳鐨勪竴澶у彉鍖栵紝瀹夎浜?.6鍐呮牳涓殑涓€涓柊鏂囦欢鏂囦欢绯荤粺sysfs/tmp#瀛樻斁涓存椂鏂囦欢鐨勭洰褰?usr#璇ョ洰褰曚笅瀛樻斁浜嗗緢澶氬簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忓拰鐢ㄦ埛鐨勬枃浠讹紝绫讳技浜巜indows涓嬬殑programfiles/usr/bin#绯荤粺鐢ㄦ埛浣跨敤鐨勫簲鐢ㄧ▼搴?www#瀛樻斁鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ綉绔欑浉鍏宠祫婧?鐜,缃戠珯椤?-----------#LNMP:Linux,Nginx,MySQL,Php#LTMP:Linux,tomcat,MySQL,Php4,鏂囦欢灞炴€:readw:writex:Executableexecute-:no鏉冮檺鏂囦欢绫诲瀷
0owner鏉冮檺owner
123缁勬潈闄愮粍
456other鐢ㄦ埛鏉冮檺others
789drwxr-xr-X鐩綍鏂囦欢璇诲啓鎵цreadandwriteexecute璇诲啓execute1,4,7:read2,5,8:write3,6,9:execute4.1銆佹洿鏀规枃浠舵潈闄恈hmodchange9鏂囦欢灞炴€-rwxrwxrwx]杩欎節涓潈闄愬睘鎬э紝涓夌粍,鐢ㄦ暟瀛楄〃绀烘潈闄恟:4w:2x:14+2+1=7chmod777鍙鍙啓鍙墽琛宑hmodrwxrwxrwxchmod666鍙鍙啓涓嶅彲鎵цchmodrw-rw-rw-viewfilemethodcat#鏄剧ず鏂囦欢鍐呭涓嶅tac#鍊掑簭鏄剧ず鏂囦欢鍐呭nl#鏄剧ず鏂囦欢鍐呭鍜屾樉绀鸿鍙穖ore#閫愰〉鏄剧ず鏂囦欢鍐呭锛岋紙绌烘牸琛ㄧず缈婚〉锛宔nter琛ㄧず鍚戜笅鐪嬩竴琛岋紝:f鏌ョ湅褰撳墠琛屽彿)less#绫讳技more锛屽悜涓婄炕椤礹ead#-n鍙傛暟鎺у埗鏄剧ず鍑犺tail#-n鍙傛暟锛屾煡鐪嬫渶鍚巒琛屼俊鎭€掗€€5銆佺‖閾炬帴銆佽蒋閾炬帴softlink绫讳技浜嶹indows涓婄殑蹇嵎鏂瑰紡锛屽鏋滃垹闄ゆ簮鏂囦欢锛屽揩鎹锋柟寮忓皢鏃犳硶鍐嶈闂?hardlinkln0102#涓?1鏂囦欢鍒涘缓涓€涓‖閾炬帴02锛?1鍜?2鎸囧悜鍚屼竴涓枃浠讹紝鍏佽涓€涓枃浠舵湁澶氫釜璺緞锛岀敤鎴峰埄鐢ㄨ繖绉嶆満鍒跺缓绔嬩竴浜涢噸瑕佹枃浠剁殑纭摼鎺ワ紝闃叉璇垹锛?杞摼鎺n-s01036.璐︽埛绠$悊鎵€鏈夎€呭拰缁?.1.娣诲姞鐢ㄦ埛鏄墍鏈夋枃浠讹紝鐩稿綋浜庡湪/etc/passwd鏂囦欢涓啓鍏ョ敤鎴蜂俊鎭皢鐢ㄦ埛鍒嗛厤鍒扮粍useradd-mxiaotest[root@---home]#cat/etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashbin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologindaemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologinadm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologinlp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologinsync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/syncshutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdownhalt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/haltmail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologinoperator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologingames:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologinftp:x:14:50:FTP鐢ㄦ埛:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologinnobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologinsystemd-network:x:192:192:systemd缃戠粶绠$悊:/:/sbin/nologindbus:x:81:81:绯荤粺娑堟伅鎬荤嚎:/:/sbin/nologinpolkitd:x:999:998:polkitd鐨勭敤鎴?/:/sbin/nologinsshd:x:74:74:鐗规潈鍒嗙SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologinpostfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologinchrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologinntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologincpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologinnscd:x:28:28:NSCD瀹堟姢杩涚▼:/:/sbin/nologinmysql:x:27:27:MySQL鏈嶅姟鍣?/var/lib/mysql:/bin/bashredis:x:997:995:Redis鏁版嵁搴撴湇鍔″櫒:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/nologinjenkins:x:996:992:Jenkins鑷姩鍖朣erver:/var/lib/jenkins:/bin/falsetss:x:59:59:trousers鍖呯敤鏉ユ矙鐩抰csd瀹堟姢杩涚▼鐨勮处鍙凤細/dev/null:/sbin/nologinxiao:x:1000:1000::/home/xiao:/bin/bashxiaotest:x:1001:1001::/home/xiaotest:/bin/bash#/home/xiaotest鐢ㄦ埛涓荤洰褰昜root@---home]#6.2銆佸垹闄ょ敤鎴穟serdel-rxiaotest#鍒犻櫎鐢ㄦ埛鏃讹紝涓€璧峰垹闄ょ敤鎴锋墍鍦ㄧ洰褰?.3锛屼慨鏀圭敤鎴穟sermodusermod-d/home/test01xiaotest#鏇存敼鐢ㄦ埛xiaotest鐨勫鐩綍6.4锛屽垏鎹㈢敤鎴穝u鐢ㄦ埛鍚峓root@---home]#suxiaotest#root鐢ㄦ埛鍒囨崲鍒皒iaotest鐢ㄦ埛[xiaotest@---home]$exit#閫€鍑哄綋鍓嶇敤鎴凤紝鍥炲埌root鐢ㄦ埛exit[root@---home]#6.5.淇敼闃块噷浜戞湇鍔″櫒涓绘満鍚嶇殑闅忔満瀛楃涓?customhostnamehostnamehostnamexiao#淇敼涓绘満鍚嶇О涓簒iao锛岄噸鏂拌繛鎺ュ悗鐢熸晥#閲嶅惎涓诲彞锛屼富鏈哄悕鍙樹负闅忔満瀛楃涓?.6.瀵嗙爜璁剧疆root鐢ㄦ埛閰嶇疆鏅€氱敤鎴峰瘑鐮乸asswdxiaotest#璁剧疆xiaotest鐢ㄦ埛鐧诲綍瀵嗙爜#閲嶅缓杩炴帴锛屼互鏅€氱敤鎴风櫥褰?.7.閿佸畾鍜岃В閿佺敤鎴峰彧鏈塺oot鐢ㄦ埛鍙互鎿嶄綔鍦烘櫙锛氬憳宸ョ鑱岋紝鎴栬€呭悎浣滀紮浼磋缃畃asswd-lxiaotest#-llock閿佸畾鐢ㄦ埛锛屾棤娉曠户缁櫥褰昿asswd-dxiaotest#-d鍒犻櫎瀵嗙爜锛岀粰鐢ㄦ埛杈撳叆绌哄瘑鐮侊紝鏃犲瘑鐮佹棤娉曠櫥褰?u:unlockuserpasswd-uxiaotest7,鐢ㄦ埛缁勭鐞?etc/group鏂囦欢姣忎釜鐢ㄦ埛閮芥湁涓€涓敤鎴风粍锛岀郴缁熷彲浠ラ泦涓鐞嗕竴涓敤鎴风粍涓嬬殑鎵€鏈夌敤鎴凤紙寮€鍙戙€佹祴璇曘€佽繍缁淬€乺oot锛?.1锛庡垱寤虹敤鎴风粍groupaddtest01[root@xiao~]#cat/etc/grouproot:x:0:bin:x:1:daemon:x:2:sys:x:3:adm:x:4:tty:x:5:disk:x:6:lp:x:7:mem:x:8:kmem:x:9:wheel:x:10:cdrom:x:11:mail:x:12:postfixman:x:15:鎷ㄥ嚭锛歺:18:floppy:x:19:games:x:20:tape:x:33:video:x:39:ftp:x:50:lock:x:54:audio:x:63:nobody:x:99:users:x:100:utmp:x:22:utempter:x:35:input:x:999:systemd-journal:x:190:systemd-network:x:192:dbus:x:81:polkitd:x:998:ssh_keys:x:997:sshd:x:74:postdrop:x:90:postfix:x:89:chrony:x:996:ntp:x:38:tcpdump:x:72:nscd:x:28:mysql:x:27:redis:x:995:cgred:x:994:docker:x:993:jenkins:x:992:tss:x:59:xiao:x:1000:xiaotest:x:1001:allblue:x:1002:test01:x:1003:test02:x:520:#閫氳繃-g鍙傛暟鍒跺畾iddev:x:1003:dev01#dev缁勮缁勬湁dev01鐢ㄦ埛鍒涘缓鏂扮敤鎴烽€氳繃-G鍙傛暟鎸囧畾dev01:x:1004:[root@xiao~]#閫氳繃-g鍙傛暟鎸囧畾idgroupadd-g520test027.2锛屽垹闄ょ敤鎴风粍groupdeltest017.3锛屼慨鏀圭敤鎴风粍淇敼鏉冮檺淇℃伅鍜屽悕绉?g淇敼id-n淇敼鍚嶇Оgroupmod-g123test01groupmod-nnewtest01test017銆?.鍒囨崲鐢ㄦ埛缁?鐧诲綍褰撳墠鐢ㄦ埛xiaotest$newgrproot7.5锛岀敤鎴峰瘑鐮?etc/shadow鏂囦欢瀵嗙爜宸插姞瀵哸llblue:$6$hSPupMOZ$WMbjL2pn8bhSkiD7NicH6sDAJYfEKnU3ofylMuOrSMuqqt/i/wirkCwbinA0VjhXBTExmSSPdFb6LPpLRN3h::0:189纾佺洏绠$悊du-diskusagedf鏌ョ湅绯荤粺鏁翠綋纾佺洏鐨勪娇鐢ㄦ儏鍐礵f-h浠ュ厗瀛楄妭锛坢锛夋樉绀篸u鏌ョ湅褰撳墠纾佺洏鐨勭┖闂翠娇鐢ㄦ儏鍐礵u-a#鏌ョ湅鎵€鏈夋枃浠讹紝鍖呮嫭闅愯棌鏂囦欢鍜屽瓙鏂囦欢#鏌ョ湅root鍗犵敤鐨勫閲忛€氳繃鐩綍涓嬬殑鍚勪釜鐩綍du-sm/*#鏌ユ壘褰撳墠鐩綍锛屽摢涓枃浠跺す鍗犵敤绌洪棿鏈€澶u-h--max-depth=18.1锛屼娇鐢╠u-h--max-depth=1閲婃斁绌洪棿鏌ユ壘澶ф枃浠剁殑鍛戒护/var/log/journal/Junklogcleanup//1.鍙繚鐣欒繃鍘讳竴鍛ㄧ殑鏃ュ織journalctl--vacuum-time=1w//2.鍙繚鐣?00MB鐨勬棩蹇梛ournalctl--vacuum-size=500M9銆佽繘绋嬬鐞哃inux涓瘡涓▼搴忛兘鏈夎嚜宸辩殑杩涚▼锛屾瘡涓繘绋嬮兘鏈変竴涓猧d銆傛瘡涓繘绋嬮兘鏈変竴涓埗杩涚▼銆傝繘绋嬫湁涓ょ瀛樺湪鏂瑰紡锛氬墠鍙板拰鍚庡彴銆傛槸9.1鍦ㄥ墠鍙拌繍琛岋紝ps-auxps#鏌ョ湅褰撳墠绯荤粺姝e湪鎵ц鐨勫悇绉嶈繘绋嬬殑淇℃伅-a#鏄剧ず褰撳墠缁堢杩愯鐨勬墍鏈夎繘绋嬬殑淇℃伅-u#鏄剧ず鏈夌敤鎴蜂俊鎭殑杩涚▼-x#鏄剧ず鍚庡彴杩愯杩涚▼Parameters鍚姩杩涚▼鏃舵惡甯︾殑鍙傛暟|#绠¢亾绗﹀彿A|B#A銆丅鍛戒护锛孉鍛戒护鐨勭粨鏋滀綔涓鸿緭鍑轰紶閫掔粰B鍛戒护grep#鏌ョ湅鏂囦欢涓鍚堟潯浠剁殑瀛楃涓瞤s-aux|grepnginx#鏌ョ湅nginx鐨勮繘绋嬩俊鎭痆root@xiaocomposetest]#ps-aux|grepnginxroot159860.00.0112712960pts/0S+19:290:00grep--color=autonginxroot196640.00.0459401168锛烻sOct060:00nginx锛氫富杩涚▼/usr/local/nginx/sbin/ngin-c/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.confnobody196680.00.1469283248锛烻Oct061:52nginx:workerprocess[root@xiaocomposetest]#ps-aux|grepmongo#鏌ョ湅mongo杩涚▼淇℃伅root160350.00.0112712956pts/0S+19:290:00grep--color=automongoroot194400.45.31635344101348锛烻LlSep04308:50mongod--config/usr/local/mongodb/etc/mongodb.confUID//鐢ㄦ埛ID锛屼絾鏄緭鍑虹殑鏄敤鎴峰悕PID//杩涚▼鐨処DPPID//鐖惰繘绋婭DC//鐧惧垎姣旇繘绋嬪崰鐢ㄧ殑CPUSTIME//杩涚▼鍚姩鍚庣殑鏃堕棿TTY//杩涚▼杩愯鐨勭粓绔紝濡傛灉涓庣粓绔浉鍚屽鏋滀笉鐩稿叧鍒欐樉绀猴紵濡傛灉鏄痯ts/0绛夛紝璇存槑瀹夸富杩涚▼鏄€氳繃缃戠粶杩炴帴鐨凜MD//鍛戒护鍚嶇О鍙婂弬鏁?.2銆乸s-ef鍙互鏌ョ湅鐖惰繘绋嬬殑淇℃伅ps-ef|grepmysql9.3銆佽繘绋嬫爲锛堢洰褰曟爲锛夋煡鐪嬬埗杩涚▼鍙互閫氳繃鐩綍鏌ョ湅treepstree-p#displayparentid(PPID)-u#鏄剧ず鐢ㄦ埛缁刾stree-pu9.4,topcommand9.5,endprocesskillpid#缁堟杩涚▼kill-9pid#寮哄埗缁堟杩涚▼9.6,nohup鍚庡彴杩愯杩涚▼nohupjava-jarjenkins.war&10銆佷笁绉嶇幆澧冨畨瑁呮柟寮忥細rpm瑙e帇yum鍦ㄧ嚎瀹夎11銆乫irewallsystemctlstatusfirewalld鏌ョ湅firewalldstatussystemctlfirewall-cmdfirewall-cmd--list-allfirewall-cmd--add-port=8080/tcp--premanentfirewall-cmd--reload馃憠闃块噷浜戞湇鍔″櫒閰嶇疆瀹夊叏缁勷煄堭煄堭煄堭煂规寔缁洿鏂帮紝鍏虫敞鎴戯紝浣犱細鍙戠幇涓€涓姫鍔涚殑鍓嶇瀹濔煒婏紝璁╂垜浠竴璧峰涔犳垚闀裤€傪煄夊枩娆㈢殑鏈嬪弸璁板緱鐐硅禐鍏虫敞鏀惰棌锛岀湅瀹屼笉浼氳糠璺煒夝煄佹杩庡ぇ瀹惰瘎璁轰氦娴侊紝锜硅煿馃槉